DNS Lookup:

Your browser sends a request to a DNS resolver, usually provided by your Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a third-party DNS service. The DNS resolver checks its cache to see if it has the IP address corresponding to the domain name. If not, it queries other DNS servers recursively until it finds the IP address.

Establishing a TCP Connection:

Once the IP address is resolved, your browser initiates a TCP connection with the web server hosting the website. This connection involves a series of handshakes to establish the connection parameters between your browser and the server.

Sending an HTTP Request:

Your browser sends an HTTP request to the web server specifying the resource (e.g., HTML page, image, script) you want to access. This request includes headers containing additional information, such as the browser type, accepted languages, and cookies.

Processing the Request:

The web server receives the HTTP request and processes it. If the requested resource is a static file (e.g., HTML, CSS, image), the server retrieves it from its file system. If it's a dynamic resource (e.g., generated web page, database content), the server executes the necessary scripts to generate the content.

Generating an HTTP Response:

The web server constructs an HTTP response containing the requested resource along with relevant metadata, such as status codes, headers, and cookies.

Transmitting the Response:

The web server sends the HTTP response back to your browser over the established TCP connection.

Rendering the Page:

Your browser receives the response and begins to render the web page. It parses the HTML content, renders any CSS styles, executes JavaScript code, and fetches additional resources referenced in the page (e.g., images, fonts).

Displaying the Page:

Once all resources are downloaded and processed, your browser displays the fully rendered web page on your screen, allowing you to interact with its content.

Throughout this process, data packets containing the HTTP request and response travel across various network devices, such as routers and switches, before reaching their destination. Additionally, encryption protocols like HTTPS (HTTP Secure) may be used to secure the communication between your browser and the web server, adding an extra layer of protection to your data.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Domain Registrars play crucial roles in facilitating the process of accessing websites:

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

ISPs are responsible for providing users with access to the internet. When you type a domain name into your browser, your request goes through your ISP's network. ISPs maintain infrastructure such as cables, routers, and servers that enable data transmission across the internet. Your ISP acts as an intermediary between your device and the websites you want to access, routing your requests and delivering the responses back to you.

Domain Registrars:

Domain Registrars are companies accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) or other regulatory bodies to register and manage domain names. When you register a domain name (e.g., example.com), you do so through a Domain Registrar. Domain Registrars maintain databases containing information about domain names, including the registrant's contact information, registration and expiration dates, and the domain's DNS settings. Domain Registrars also offer services such as DNS hosting, which involves managing the DNS records for your domain. When you type a domain name into your browser, your request eventually reaches the DNS servers managed by your domain registrar to resolve the domain name to its corresponding IP address.

Internet Browsers:

An internet browser, often referred to simply as a "browser," is a software application used to access and view information on the World Wide Web. It acts as an intermediary between users and the vast array of resources available on the internet, allowing users to navigate websites, view web pages, and interact with online content. Popular internet browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari, and Opera. Each browser has its unique set of features, performance characteristics, and target audience, but they all serve the fundamental purpose of enabling users to access and interact with content on the internet.